Background: Abdominal trauma whether blunt or penetrating is a harbinger of the possibility of genitourinary injuries. The kidney is an organ frequently injured when there is a genitourinary injury. The menace of armed banditry has led to the increased presentation of life-threatening organ system injuries to our facilities such as a shattered kidney. The associated mortality can be significant even where there is a functioning trauma system.Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate a patient who survived shattered kidney injury despite non-existent functioning trauma system.Case report: A 75-year-old farmer presented with a 4 h history of gunshot injury to the right flank and left cheek associated with bleeding, haematuria, and shock was investigated. His admitting packed cell volume was 16.4%. The serum chemistry was within normal range and no features of peritonitis was observed. He had resuscitation according to the principle of the Advanced Trauma Life Support protocol and emergency exploratory laparotomy with right simple nephrectomy.Conclusion: The management of shattered kidneys involves prompt and simultaneous resuscitation using the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) protocol including emergency exploratory laparotomy and simple nephrectomy to guarantee patient survival.

Cs-137 is a man made nuclide released from nuclear weapon explosions in the 1960 and 1970 decades and introduced into troposphere, from where it is precipitated by rain. Cs-137 has a small hydrated radius, which is strongly attracted by negative charges on colloid surfaces. It is neither leached through soil nor absorbed by plant roots, so its loss in the soil is related to its translocation by tillage or runoff. Determining the Cs-137 inventory is a prerequisite for soil erosion research. Finding a typical undisturbed site for sampling is tedious and difficult. Establishment of a relation between annual precipitation and Cs-137 concentration will facilitate determining Cs-inventory. In this study, undisturbed incremental core samples of soil for different depths were collected in 12 climatological stations in northwest part of the country. Cs-activity was determined by vandograph section of Iranian Atomic Energy Organization (AEO) with a pure Germanium detector with 85% efficiency. The regression analysis between annual precipitation and Cs-137 fallout was significant at the 0.001 level with r2=0.88. In this study the maximum fallout in Becquerel/m2 was 2895 in Marivan station with 974.7 (mm) annual precipitation while a/ minimum value of 621 was recorded in Dehgolan station with 270 (mm) annual precipitation.

The components and quantities of atmospheric dusts fallout has been reported to be the pollution indicator of large urban areas. The multiplicity and complexity of sources of atmospheric dusts in urban regions (e.g. industrial complexes composed of a variety of industrial processes, automobiles, construction activities etc.) has put forward the need of source apportionment of these sources indicating their contribution to specific environmental receptor. The study presented here is focused on investigation of source contribution estimates of dusts fallout in an urban-industrial area, Raipur, India. Six sampling sites have been identified on the basis of land use for development plan of anthropogenic activities and factors related to the transportation and dispersion pattern of atmospheric dusts.12 samples of dusts fallout has been collected from each site (one in each month) and subjected to chemical analysis of selected chemical constituents known as markers of selected major dust emitting sources (Steel making average, Road traffic-borne dusts, construction activities, municipal waste burning, and soils). Chemical profiles along with SPECIATE of USEPA has been used for the preparation of source profiles. Source apportionment has been done using Chemical Mass Balance (CMB 8). Good fit parameters and relative source contribution has been analyzed and documented. Variations in source contribution estimates of selected indicator species has been occurred and justify the significant contribution of local area and line sources of dusts emission in various parts of the study region. Soil has shown different contribution for different radical.

Fallout radionuclides, FRNs, (i. e., 137Cs, 210Pbex, and 7Be) are being increasingly used to obtain quantitative information on soil erosion and sediment redistribution within agricultural landscapes over different timescales. The technique is frequently regarded as a valuable complement to conventional measurement methods. The objective of the present article is two-fold: to review the advantages and limitations of each of the above three FRNs and to identify the key gaps in the current knowledge on their application. In addition, guidelines are introduced for selecting the most appropriate FRNs and the associated application methods for a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Also, the key objectives to be pursued in future investigations including upscaling FRN applications in soil erosion to catchment scale and the shift from their use as a research tool to a decision support one will be explored.

Introduction: Physical, chemical and ecological changes on dust deposition sites are one of the many problems caused by the occurrence of dust phenomena in arid areas. The entrance of additional salts to the ecosystem by dust, makes increased salinity and imbalanced of salts in the growth environment of plants. The purpose of this study is to determine the seasonal variations in the amount of salt sediment accumulation by dust in the arid region in north of Yazd-Ardakan plain. ...

The logic of deterrence as one of the solutions and control systems to prevent war has been challenged by the proliferation of tactical nuclear weapons. On the other hand, coercion means trying to influence another's behavior by using force or threat of force. The question that arises is whether tactical nuclear weapons as a means of strategic coercion have brought the international system into the era of nuclear coercion? The main goal of this research is to achieve a theoretical model in the form of a theoretical model in order to analyze the variables and finally understand the important role of tactical nuclear weapons in contemporary international politics. The research method is descriptive and analytical and corresponds to two steps; In the first step, an attempt is made to examine a theoretical model called the state of structural complexity, which is considered a kind of theoretical arrangement by the author, in order to study the cross-sectional state of the international order (after the Cold War until now) and in The second step related to analysis, relationship and correlation between variables should be examined. According to the research hypothesis, statistics and current trends, it can be claimed that tactical nuclear weapons in the conditions of structural complexity and increased probability of strategic surprise among governments as an efficient tool for applying coercion without possibility they are considered mutual assured destruction.IntroductionAfter the end of the Cold War, the international system was placed in a state of structural complexity due to variables such as the unipolar structure of the international system, the development of technology, and the development of the international system. According to these changes in the international system, we are witnessing a change in the control system of nuclear deterrence due to the Proliferation of nuclear weapons. The question that arises is whether tactical nuclear weapons as a tool of strategic coercion have brought the international system into the era of nuclear coercion? According to the hypothesis of this research, it can be claimed that tactical nuclear weapons in the conditions of structural complexity and increased probability of strategic surprise among governments are considered as an efficient tool to apply coercion without the possibility of mutual assured destruction.